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Jan 22, 2019 By Team YoungWonks *
Feather is the new development board from Adafruit, and like it's namesake it is thin, light, and lets you fly! We designed Feather to be a new standard for portable microcontroller cores. This is the Adafruit Feather HUZZAH ESP8266 - our take on an 'all-in-one' ESP8226 WiFi development boardwith built in USB and battery charging. Its an ESP8266 WiFi module with all the extras you need, ready. Ongoing macOS FTDI driver issues plague many users connecting the Arduino IDE to boards that use an FTDI chip. Since our boards use an FTDI chip for USB-to-serial communication, we have witnessed some of these issues when working with our boards using Mac and macOS.
How do you program an Arduino using a Mac? This blog will tell how. But before we get into that, let’s take a look at what is an Arduino?
What is Arduino?
An Arduino is basically a single board microcontroller that is used for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and digital world. These Arduino boards are available both in preassembled form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards come fitted with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that can be interfaced to several expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits.
One of the biggest advantages that Arduino boards have over Raspberry Pi is the fact that they can read sensitive values from sensors and Arduino boards have analog input and output and not digital input output which is the case with Raspberry Pi. This is why in some instances - especially where exact values are needed - it is a more apt choice. Say, if you want to make a device that automatically waters your plants. Now to do this, you have to measure the exact soil moisture, so an Arduino is a better bet because it can read analog values as opposed to the Raspberry Pi which will need another chip to read analog values.
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Arduino has low maintenance and doesn’t get disrupted by power outages. But image processing needs can be done better with Raspberry Pi and Pi camera.
In this blog, we shall look at how we can program an Arduino board using a Mac OS. Here’s the step-by-step process to program an Arduino board with a Mac:
Downloading and installing Arduino on a Mac
Step 1: Get all the needed equipment in place. This means having with you the Arduino Uno board and the USB data cable that will help you connect the board to your Mac.
You’ll also need a breadboard, jumper cables(M-M), an LED and a resistor (with a resistance of say, 330 Ohms).
Step 2: Then start by connecting the narrow end of the USB data cable to your Arduino board as shown below.
Step 3: Then connect the other end of the USB data cable to your Mac. At this stage, your Mac and the Arduino board have been connected to each other using the USB cable. Refer to the pic below.
Step 4: Now go on to download the Arduino IDE on your Mac. To do this, open Safari on your Mac and just go to the website www.arduino.cc. Once you have opened the website, go to the software section and click on downloads from the dropdown menu. Now select the Mac OS X version, hit download and wait for the download to finish. Once it downloads, one can run the Installer in the next step.
Step 5: To install the IDE, we need to run the file that we just downloaded. Click on Agree and continue with the default settings for the rest of the installation. Once the installation is done, click on the close button to finish the installation.
Now that we have downloaded and installed the Arduino IDE on our Mac, we can carry out a number of tasks using the Arduino IDE. This includes getting the board to say, “Hello World”, running the counter program and lighting an LED - all using the Arduino.
Saying “Hello World”
Let’s look at what goes into writing our first program, the “Hello World” program. Let’s open the Arduino IDE that we have installed on the Mac. Make sure you check the board name under the Tools option as Arduino Uno. Also make sure that the communication port is selected as COM3. Now to see the information sent by our Arduino, we have to open the serial monitor we see on the right.
In the program, we start by putting Serial.begin 9600 in the void setup function which is the one-time setup required for exchanging information over the serial port from the Arduino to the computer. 9600 here is called the baud rate. It is the rate at which the Arduino can send symbols or characters to the computer.
In the void loop function, we use a very simple serial.print to show data on the serial monitor.
You can first save it and then upload the design onto the Arduino. You’ll then see that the words “Hello World!” are being sent by the Arduino to the computer and we can see the words on the serial monitor. You’ll see that the words “Hello” and “World” are appearing next to each other. However, if we use a n in our print command, we will see the two words printed one below the other.
Running the Counter Program
Let’s take a look at the next program. We will design a simple counter by opening the Arduino IDE and the serial monitor. Let’s start by defining the counter variable. Here we say int <space> counter equals one and add a semicolon at the end. This initializes the value of the counter to 1 at the beginning. Now just like in the previous program, we initialize the serial connection.
In the loop, we print the counter value and we also increase the value of the count by one. Here, we use the printIn function to automatically add a new line after having printed the value of the counter. Now this would be too fast and for us to understand what’s happening in the output, we add a delay and the argument is in milliseconds. So for a one second delay, we provide an argument of thousand to the delay function. Finally, increase the value of counter by one using the counter++ statement. Once we save and upload this design onto the Arduino, we will be able to see that a counter variable is constantly being increased in value and this value is being communicated to the computer over the serial connection.
Lighting an LED
Lighting the inbuilt LED on the Arduino
Now the next program we will be working on is blinking the Arduino’s inbuilt LED. You can see that right next to pin number 13 among the digital pins, there’s an LED which is orange in colour. We will learn how to make it blink once every second. And just like we do with the Raspberry Pi, we will start by initializing the pin to be an output so we can control its values. Here we say pinMode and we say 13 which is the pin for the inbuilt LED and we set it as an output so that we can send values of high or low. We then begin our loop function by setting value of the 13 pin to 1 (or high). We do this by using the DigitalWrite function. We then add a delay of one second and then we set the value of the 13 pin as low. Don’t forget to add a delay after turning it low. Now when you run the code, you should be able to see the light next to the pin number 13 blink.
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Writing the program to blink an LED on the breadboard
Here we will see how one can write the program that allows the Arduino to make an LED on the breadboard blink once every one second. Just like in the previous case, we will set values and this time, we will choose pin number 12 and we will set it as an output. So we type the pinMode, 12, output. In the void loop, we use the serial to communicate messages from the Arduino to the computer. We use the DigitalWrite function to turn the pin on or set it to high. Then we add the delay of one second. In the same fashion, we will turn the pin off by using the DigitalWrite function. Similarly, we can add a message and a delay so that we see the output very clearly.
Next you can save and upload this. Go to your Arduino, make sure you have the serial monitor open so you can see the output. Now this code seems to work as it prints LED high and LED low every one second. At this stage, we need to make an LED circuit on the breadboard and connect it to the Arduino to see the actual result.
Making connections to blink an LED on the breadboard
Now we will explore the connections to be made on the breadboard so as to make an LED blink from the Arduino.
Here’s how you make connections to blink an LED on the breadboard using an Arduino:
Just like with Raspberry Pi, we set up the LED first. We place the LED on the breadboard across the middle separation.
Then we add a resistor (say with a resistance in the range of 220 to 600 ohms). We place one end of the resistor on the same line as the LED.
Now we connect the resistor’s other end to the railing for the Ground.
We use a wire to connect it to the Ground pin on the Arduino.
The closeup of the Arduino after the connections have been made will look like this.
We then connect the other end of the LED to the pin number 12 which we are programming for.
The closeup of the breadboard after the connections have been made will look like this.
Since the program is already on the Arduino, we should immediately be able to see the light blink.
Here's a video explaining in entirety how to program an Arduino using a Mac:
*Contributors: Written by Vidya Prabhu; Lead image by: Leonel Cruz
In this project, I will talk about ATtiny85, what are the tools required for Getting Started with ATtiny85 board, installing drivers for Windows OS and finally how to program ATtiny85 Microcontroller using Arduino IDE.
A Brief Note on ATtiny85
The ATtiny85 Microcontroller is possibly the smallest Microcontrollers available today. It is an 8-bit Microcontroller based on the AVR RISC Architecture. Physically, it needs only 8-pins for complete operation (although some packages like QFN16 use 16-pins just for packaging).
There are three variants of ATtiny85: ATtiny25, ATtiny45 and ATtiny85. The main difference between these three ICs is the amount of memory each device has (Flash, EEPROM and RAM).
ATtiny85 Microcontroller, the target device of this project has 8KB of In-system programmable Flash, 512B of EEPROM and 256B of SRAM.
Pin Diagram of ATtiny85
As mentioned earlier, ATtiny85 is an 8-pin Microcontroller and the most common IC package for ATtiny85 is the 8-pin SOIC. The following image shows the Pin Diagram of an 8-pin SOIC ATtiny85.
From the above pin diagram, you can observe that except for VCC and GND, rest of the 6-pins of ATtiny85 are multiplexed with multiple functionalities.
Pin Description
VCC: It is the supply voltage pin. For ATtiny85 running at a speed of 10-20MHz, the supply voltage should be in the range of 2.7V – 5.5V.
GND: Ground Pin
PORTB (PB0 – PB5): The rest of the 6-pins in ATtiny85 are Port B Pin. Port B is a 6-bit I/O Port. All the 6 port B have multiplexed operations with each pin capable of handling 3 or more operations.
RESET: It is multiplexed with PB5. It is an active LOW pin.
The following image shows the list of alternative functions on the PORTB pins.
ATtiny85 Board
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Several manufacturers started developing tiny development boards with ATtiny85 as the main controller. One such board is shown in the image below.
As you can see, apart from the ATtiny85 Microcontroller IC, there are a few other components on the board like a 5V Regulator, headers for I/O pins, few passive components and a MicroUSB port for programming and power supply.
Getting Started with ATtiny85 Board
Now that we have seen a little bit about ATtiny85 Microcontroller and its development board, lets dig into the aspects of how to use this board, what are the necessary tools (like Drivers) required and also how to program the ATtiny85 Microcontroller.
Let me start with programming ATtiny85. There are couple of ways you can program your ATtiny85 but I have chosen the easiest of all: using Arduino IDE to program ATtiny85. For this, you need to make some changes to the Arduino IDE.
Next important thing is the drivers. USB Drivers for ATtiny85 Board are very important as the driver is responsible for enabling the Arduino IDE to program the ATtiny85.
Detailed Video
Before looking at the steps involved for getting started with ATtiny85 board, take a look at the following video, which basically explains the same.
Setting up Arduino IDE
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The first step is to setup Arduino IDE for programming ATtiny85. Open your Arduino IDE and go to File à Preferences. In the tab that says “Additional Boards Manager URLs:”, copy and paste the following link and click on ok.
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This is similar to what you might have done for ESP8266.
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Now, go to Tools → Board: → Board Manager… and search for “Digistump AVR Boards”. Select the same and click on install. If the installation is successful, you can see the board in Tools → Board: option. We will come back to this later.
Installing Drivers
Next step is to install the necessary USB drivers for the ATtiny85 board. I will specify how to install drivers for Windows system. Go to the following link and download the “Digistump.Drivers.zip” file. Extract the contents of the zip file and double click on “DPinst64” application to install the drivers.
NOTE: If your system is a 32-bit system, select “DPinst” application.
Once the drivers are successfully installed, you can plug in your ATtiny85 board to the computer using an USB cable. To check if the device is detected or not, go to Device Manager on your Windows and your device will be listed under “libusb-win32 devices” as “Digispark Bootloader”.
Programming ATtiny85 with Arduino IDE
Now, you are ready to upload your first program on to your ATtiny85 Microcontroller. You don’t have to plug in your device to the computer until the IDE says so. Even if you plug in, you have to disconnect and reconnect when asked.
First step in programming ATtiny85 is to select the board in Arduino IDE. Go to Tools → Board: and select “Digispark (Default -16.5mhz)” board.
There is a user LED connected to PB1 of ATtiny85. In order to blink that LED, use the following code.
Click on upload button in Arduino IDE. Assuming you haven’t connected the ATtiny85 to the computer, the Arduino IDE will display a message saying “Plug in device now”. Connect your ATtiny85 board to the computer now and it will be programmed and the LED will start blinking.